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Keith Ward’s new book is a vigorous and lively contribution to the debate on the authority of scripture—how we read the Bible, and how, he believes, a fundamentalist reading is unsustainable. Thoroughly grounded in the Bible, suffused with a profound and clear understanding of theology, this is a book that will enlighten many and help the many Christians who struggle with these issues.
- Sales Rank: #1324769 in Books
- Brand: Ward, Keith
- Published on: 2005-09-01
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.25" h x .60" w x 5.38" l, .56 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 224 pages
About the Author
KEITH WARD was professor of history and philosophy of religion at King's College. London from 1985-1991 and has since been Regius professor of divinity at the University of Oxford. He is the author of many books, including God: A Guide for the Perplexed(2002) and a trilogy on comparative religion. Religion and Human Nature(1998). Religion and Creation and Religion and Revelation(1994).
Most helpful customer reviews
37 of 38 people found the following review helpful.
An orthodox liberal
By Lee McCracken
Anglican philosopher-theologian Keith Ward, recently retired professor of divinity at Oxford, has published a book called What the Bible Really Teaches (about Crucifixion, Resurrection, Salvation, the Second Coming, and Eternal Life) that is a charitable but firm rebuke to fundamentalist readings of the Bible. Ward considers himself a "born-again" Christian, but says that fundamentalist interpretations of Scripture fail on the Bible's own terms.
In Chapter 1, "Fundamentalism and the Bible," Ward investigates the nature of the Bible and argues that it's incompatible with the doctrine of verbal inerrancy as that is usually understood. He points out that the Bible itself nowhere claims to be inerrant, or that all its stories must be read literally. He contrasts that nature of the Christian Bible with that of the Koran; the latter purports to be a word-for-word dictation from God, while the former is a collection of writings from varied periods and viewpoints that represent a response to God's self-revelation. Ward's argument is that the Bible doesn't even purport to be the kind of word-for-word dictation from God that fundamentalists tend to treat it as.
The oft-quoted text from the letter to Timothy that "All scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness" is, Ward thinks, misinterpreted if taken as a proof-text for a doctrine of verbal inerrancy. Instead we should think of God's Spirit inspiring the minds of the writers of Scripture in such a way that they "build up an authentic and trustworthy testimony to the loving-kindness of God, and to the divine plan to reconciel the world to the divine life" (p. 16). It is a misunderstanding of the Bible to think of revelation as primarily a set of facts or doctrines infallibly set down in the text, rather the Biblical meaning of revelation is "primarily an unveiling and knowledge of the reality of God, especially in the person of Jesus. It is not primarily a communication of true propositions" (p. 18).
In Chapter 2, "Understanding the Bible," Ward offers six principles of Biblical interpretation that he thinks are truer to the nature of the Bible itself. The principles are contextualization, reading the biblical writings in a way that does justice to their history, setting, genre, etc.; consistency, treating like passages alike, e.g. not invoking certain Levitical laws as binding on modern-day believers while ignoring others; comprehensiveness, taking the biblical witness as a whole and allowing passages to illuminate each other; sublation, the idea that certain biblical teachings are superseded and yet fulfilled by later teachings, such as the lex talionis` replacement by Jesus' command to forgive; the principle of spiritual interpretation, under which Ward subsumes the three traditional non-literal methods of interpretation: moral, anagogical (pointing to a future fulfillment), and allegorical; and finally, and perhaps most importantly, Christ-centeredness, or seeing every part of the Bible as pointing us to Christ (was Christum treibet - that which conveys Christ, as Luther put it). Later chapters have Ward applying these principles to particular doctrines like the Second Coming and salvation.
Though setting out to combat fundamentalism, Ward isn't a debunker or revisionist in the mode of Bishop Spong. For one thing, he thinks that a fundamentalist approach to the Bible is actually an aberration in Christian history; he's not setting himself up as a smasher of the tradition. And his ontological commitments clearly put him in the camp of a robust version of theism. He might be best seen as a kind of liberal broad-churchman who doesn't see any inherent conflict between faith and reason, somewhat reminiscient of the Cambridge Platonists of the 17th century.
This book doesn't presuppose too much in the way of background knowledge in theology, but some of the middle chapters are a bit heavy-going (Ward is a philosopher by training). I'd recommend this book for anyone looking for an alternative to the caricatures of Christianity that are often passed off as the only "orthodox" option.
21 of 27 people found the following review helpful.
Mildly Recommended
By Jedidiah Carosaari
Keith Ward has some excellent ideas, and is to be commended for writing an evocative work that requires much soul-searching. Unfortunately, ultimately his arguments are unsupported, or not fully explained. There are reasons that it took me a month to get through this book. It took me a month to read through this book, as I had to carefully consider arguments that seemed on first glance to be cogent, but on deeper investigation the arguments are often hollow- which requires a great deal more energy than reading great arguments or obviously bad arguments. It's also a good deal less satisfying to read.
I appreciated being challenged, and the great deal of work Ward had gone to in considering these beliefs. His arguments for a Kenosis Soteriology were excellent. Ward has some great arguments for the possibility of universal salvation. But he repeatedly doesn't fully explain Biblical passages that are contrary to his positions, such as the Sheep & Goats pericope of Jesus. He repeatedly referenced that passage, as if the mentioning of it was enough, but nowhere really addresses how the passage, and others like it, deny his central arguments on universal salvation.
There are many other times when Ward's reasoning seems to require more work and support. He doesn't adequately prove all of his arguments, such as that the early Christians universally expected Jesus in their lifetime. It seemed to be more pages of assertion, without the actual documentation. Ward argues for the principle of sublimation, something like the Principle of Abrogation in Islam, in which later statements supplant earlier statements. However, Ward takes this to extremes, arguing that Paul sublimates himself, and even that some of the words of Jesus are sublimated! To be clear, Ward doesn't deny that Jesus said these words- just that they no longer apply, for Paul's words replace the very words of our Lord.
Though Ward rightly decries the Fundamentalists, at times he seems to be in accord with them. It felt like Ward was arguing for a literal interpretation sometimes, but a different kind of literalness. Ward strangely interprets the Lazarus & Rich Man parable literally, and then posits a good deal of his eschatological theology on this literal interpretation. He has many unproven afterlife assumptions. His vision of the afterlife and the New Earth are surprisingly fundamentalist, suggesting that there will be a replaced Earth, rather than a rejuvenated Earth. This replacement Earth is a major reason why Fundamentalists tend to reject environmentalist concerns.
Ward is very helpful in delineating why literalism and Fundamentalism are flawed. But he also seems to greatly expand the definition of both, so that the categories apply to a great many of beliefs that are in no way truly literal interpretations. Additionally, there *are* times when the Bible is meant to be interpreted literally. One has to search deeply to find any passages that Ward would feel should remain literal.
Of greatest concern is Ward's denial of the Hard Sayings of Jesus, by stating that they aren't literal. Christianity becomes a much easier religion when you don't have to turn the other cheek, and also a religion that most Americans prefer.
Sadly I must therefore give this book a limited recommendation. Ward has some great ideas, and is always good to be challenged. But there are too many conclusions that come through insufficient evidence, and pages of repetition with the form of argument but lacking in substance.
10 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
anti-fundametalist christ-centered biblical scholar
By W. F. Marterre Jr.
The way I see it, there are three basic approaches to the Bible: you can either believe it literally, outright reject it, or take a non-literal approach by finding overarching themes and principles within it. The third approach is the one Ward takes, and in a very scholarly, yet loving way.
If you espouse literalism, like many fundamentalists do, you will likely be offended by this book. This is because Ward minces the 'inerrant' approach to Scriptures efficiently and, in my opinion, completely refutes the 5 fundamental beliefs. Therefore, you will have to rethink your entire belief system (if you understand his methodology of sublation and can continue to read on).
If you outright reject the Bible, on atheistic or non-theistic terms, you will see Ward paint a picture of a very big God, centered on a loving and embracing Christ that is difficult to ignore or argue against. Ward loves Jesus, and is very scholarly in his approach to Scripture, and in this scholarship he freely admits to internal inconsistencies within it. Bart Ehrman (I understand) became an agnostic scholar because of Scriptural inconsistencies. But Ward not only embraces these inconsistencies, he uses them to show what a loving God we have!
And although he doesn't mention them directly, he also takes issue with the approach of ONLY looking to the direct sayings of Jesus (like the Jefferson Bible or the Jesus Project attempted to do). Instead, he embraces thoughts that have developed within all world religions and philosophies throughout time, beginning - in Christianity - with the very saints who wrote the Scriptures 2000 years ago.
His beliefs are very liberal, but his God is much bigger and richer than the narrow view of God that fundamentalists have. And although his Christian / Trinitarian Universalism arguments are not as well laid out as Tom Talbott's, he still sees a valid role for evangelism, that Talbott perhaps does not address as well.
In the end, although you may not agree with his theology, this book is an absolute must read for anyone WITH AN OPEN MIND who is questioning what the Bible really teaches.
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